Kelsey Perrett – Page 2 – Eclipse Soundscapes

Sound Energy Waveform in the form of a bright line zig zagging up and down

The Science of Soundscapes

What is a soundscape?

Have you ever listened to an album of relaxing nature sounds, like rains falling or whales singing? That’s a soundscape! Soundscapes include any noises that humans hear in a given environment.

There are three major types of sound that can be found in soundscapes:

Biophony: Sounds generated by organisms (like bird song and cricket chirps)
Geophony: Sounds generated by the non-biological natural world (like wind and water noise)
Anthropophony: Sounds generated by humans or human-made technology (like human voices or vehicle traffic).

The study of soundscapes encompasses several disciplines, including acoustic ecology, bioacoustics, and soundscape ecology. The Eclipse Soundscapes Project focuses primarily on soundscape ecology.

What can we learn from soundscapes?

Soundscape ecology is an emerging field (established in 2011 by the article “Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape”). Scientists are still learning about the many ways it can be useful. The purpose of soundscape ecology is to explore the relationships between living organisms (including humans) and their environment. Soundscape ecologists use recording devices to collect soundscapes, then analyze the results using a spectogram: a visual representation of how sound frequencies vary over time.

Soundscapes themselves are valuable to conservation. There is a push to preserve soundscapes in delicate ecosystems, since changes in climate or excessive human impact may cause soundscapes to alter or disappear. Some agencies, like the U.S. National Park Service’s Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, are working to protect soundscapes by collecting recordings and preserving acoustic environments.

The analysis of soundscapes can also be beneficial to science. Acoustic data tells us about the environment, its health, and how different species behave and interact within it. We can make simple observations about which life forms are present in a habitat, and when they are most active or vocal.

We can also form hypotheses that explain why animals behave in certain ways. Some research has shown that organisms will change their call’s timing and/or frequency so as not to interfere with other sounds in their physical environment. For instance, some frogs communicate their territorial calls using high frequencies. This may be a natural adaptation to their habitat, where the low frequency sounds of running water are prevalent. Other behavioral changes may happen in response to anthrophony: some birds will adjust their songs in environments where there is a lot of human-generated noise.

Soundscape ecology overlaps with sensory ecology, which focuses on how and why organisms gather information from their environment. Some organisms take advantage of soundscape noise to navigate or to hunt, while other organisms may take busy auditory signals as a sign of danger. From this data, we can research not only how ecosystems impact soundscapes, but how soundscapes impact ecosystems.

Another benefit of soundscape research is that it encourages interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary study. Ecologists, social scientists, engineers, astrophysicists, and musicians have all turned to soundscapes to help broaden their field of research.

A soundscape ecologist takes a recording by a river. — A scientist captures a soundscape using an audio recording device. Credit: Till Bovermann/CC BY-SA 4.0

Are soundscapes the same as sonification?

Soundscapes and sonification are not the same, but they are somewhat related!

Sonification uses audio to convey information or perceptualize data. There is a lot of great work currently being done in the field of sonification! For example, our friends at NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory have used data sonification to turn the light from astronomical images into sound. Think of it like translation. Sometimes we are limited in our ability to see scientific data, but if we translate it into another medium like audio, we may be able to hear it. And because auditory perception has some advantages (in that it allows us to perceive temporal, spatial, amplitude, and frequency information) it may help us understand the information even better.

One major advantage of data sonification is that it opens doors for people who do not learn visually, including people with blindness or vision impairments. This is also true of soundscapes!

What is an Eclipse Soundscape?

The Eclipse Soundscapes Project will explore how celestial events, like eclipses, can impact life on earth. By collecting and studying soundscapes prior to, during, and after eclipses, we hope to better understand how eclipses change human and animal activity. There is some anecdotal evidence that the changes in light an eclipse causes may influence animal behavior. For instance, nocturnal animals may stir when it starts to get dark, and diurnal animals may vocalize as the eclipse passes and the light returns — this phenomenon is known as a “false dawn chorus.”

These accounts are anecdotal, and to date there is little scientific evidence to prove or disprove these occurrences. By recording a variety of soundscapes and analyzing spectrograms, our scientists hope to identify trends in animal behavior.

To do so, we’re working with a bioacoustic advisory board, featuring some of the top specialists in soundscape ecology and related fields. Our board members include Dr. Megan McKenna of Stanford University’s Goldbogen Lab, Dr. Bryan C. Pijanowski of Purdue University’s Center for Global Soundscapes, Dr. Laurel Symes of The Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, and Sound and Light Ecology Team Research Associate Dr. Jacob Job

We’ll be introducing the team and their work in future blog posts, so stay tuned!

by Kelsey Perrett

Accolades for Eclipse Soundscapes

The Eclipse Soundscapes Project is far from over, but before we move on to other exciting initiatives, we want to share some of the successes of our flagship effort surrounding the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse.

Thanks to our partnership with the National Center for Accessible Media at WGBH Studios, we were able to bring the awe and wonder of the eclipse to an estimated 58,358 people, many of whom are blind or visually impaired. The iOS Eclipse Soundscapes App, which was released on 8/10/2017, was downloaded by 56,500 users with an average rating of 4.89 out of 5. The app remains popular after the eclipse with nearly 64,000 users at the time of this writing and more downloading the app daily. The Android Eclipse Soundscapes App, released on 8/18/2017, was downloaded by 1,858 users with an average rating of 4.11/5. We are pleased to say the Eclipse Soundscapes Application received all A and AA ratings for accessibility in an official review conducted by the National Center for Accessible Media.

Eclipse Soundscapes also partnered with the National Park Service’s Natural Sounds Unit to record the changing bio-acoustical chorus in 16 national parks during the eclipse. Those recordings, along with recordings from PRI’s Science Friday, Brigham Young University – Idaho, and citizen scientists will be collected on our website shortly, and we look forward to using them in accessible exhibits online and in partnership with Smithsonian museums.

A major milestone of the project was the development of the rumble map for the Eclipse Soundscapes App. The rumble map uses FM-synthesis techniques to produce specially designed tones that shake or “rumble” mobile devices as users explore images of eclipses and variations of light and dark with their fingers instead of their eyes. We plan to expand this technology to make other astronomical observations accessible to people who are blind and visually impaired.

The support and recognition this project received was overwhelming. Eclipse Soundscapes was featured in 28 stories from regional, national, and international media outlets, 6 of which cater specifically to people who are blind and visually impaired. We were invited to speak at 6 educational events along the path of totality. We distributed a whopping 12,000 eclipse glasses to schools, community centers, retirement centers, and libraries across the country, and over 200,000 people tuned in to watch our Facebook Live event the day of the eclipse.

Still, our greatest sense of accomplishment came in the form of positive feedback from our users. Here is what our fans had to say:

“Thank you so much for the app. I cannot tell you how thrilled I was to have been able to share in this experience. Being visually challenged, this app was beyond my imagination. Again thank you for your diligent work.”

“Dear wonderful people, thank you so much for the fabulous Eclipse Soundscape/map. The caring, intelligence and creativity that went into this innovation are immensely impressive, and the sheer joy and excitement it gave me are beyond words. Thank you, thank you for making this possible.”

“Amazing and informative. I’ve always been curious about astronomy and meteorology. I experienced the audio descriptions during totality and very much appreciated them. I’m looking forward to future explorations! I think my favorite rumble-map feature is the diamond ring. Thanks so much for this project!”

“Awesome app! Much more interesting information given than I expected and it’s all very nicely arranged — kudos to the Devs for doing such a great job on this.”

“Plenty of features for sighted people too. Such an educational app! Get it for Monday 8/21/17 as well as future eclipses.”

So thank you to all of our fans, users, and citizen scientists. We can’t wait to hear your recordings as soon as we roll out our submissions page!

by Kelsey Perrett

Basking in the Afterglow

We woke up to thunder the day of the eclipse, and loaded our equipment in the interludes when skull pounding downpours leavened to sheets of drizzle. Our significant others and friends and family along for the journey watched weather radars on their phones, and tried to mop up our damp spirits with optimistic reports, though all forecasts contained clouds. Still, we geared up and drove an hour and a half south toward totality.

Our destination was the Lower Hamburg Conservation area, a sliver of wildlife refuge tucked between the Missouri River and a vast cornfield owned by the Beans, a family of former popcorn farmers. From the levee that formed the border between the public and private lands, it was nothing but corn and sky as far as the eye could see, punctuated by a weatherbeaten barn and silo that had been left dilapidated by flooding in 2009.

We´d stumbled on the property by luck, driving through the heartland for hours with the Eclipse Soundscapes app open to assess the eclipse percentage and duration in various cornfields. We also had to test our cell service, to ensure we could deliver a Facebook Live broadcast we’d promised our headquarters at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. On the levee between John Bean´s cornfield and the Lower Hamburg Recreation Area, signal was strong, the eclipse percentage was 100%, and we would experience over a minute of totality. Or rather, we would if the clouds ever cleared.

The clouds had little interest in the eclipse. They were unwilling to reroute their commute, and as high as we set our hopes, they couldn’t reach the cloud cover enough to break it. We donned eclipse glasses and looked into the spot where the sun should have been. The dark abyss only stared back.

It wasn’t the first time the project met a hurdle. In the few short months since Eclipse Soundscapes´conception, we’d jumped hurdles, pivoted to avoid barriers, re-pivoted away from corners, and often, stood obstinately in the way until walls moved for us. When Apple denied our app from the App Store, just three weeks before the eclipse, we hung our heads only long enough to put our noses to the grindstone. We crafted appeals, coded new features, and re-submitted three times before the reviewers relented. With the immovable deadline of celestial trajectories always looming, we spent late nights and weekends alone working, yet we always worked together.

So Monday in that cornfield, we refused to take on the dark mood of the sky. Instead, we opened up the Eclipse Soundscapes app to use it exactly as it was intended: an experience for people who cannot see the eclipse. We would hear the audio narration while the eclipse unfurled behind a private curtain of cloud, and we would listen and feel the world change around us. If we had learned anything from the people with visually impairments who we had worked with throughout the course of this project, it was that the universe does favors for no one, and you work with the tools you’ve got, and the positivity of your experience in this world directly correlates to your attitude.

Then, several minutes before the eclipse, the clouds began to part. Or rather, they seemed to retreat towards the horizon, the center of the sky becoming lighter and lighter even as ground grew dark in the shadow of the moon. “This is the full eclipse, when the moon´s black disk completely covers the sun…” began NCAM´s Brian Gould, the voice of the Eclipse Soundscapes app. And there in the sky, we saw it all.

For several moments, the moon was indistinguishable as a sphere. From behind protective lenses, it was only the tongue of a vast dark swath, lapping away the last orange wisps of the sun. A swarm of swallows flitted by and into the trees lining the river. A dark layer of twilight followed them, and for a fraction of a second, the sun went out entirely.

Then, it re-emerged as a spectral ring. John Bean´s cornfields went dark except for a violet sunset bleeding in reverse from every horizon. The wind ceased rustling the dry stalks. The ring in the sky glowed for an abbreviated minute before a hot pink string of Baily´s Beads pushed out from the righthand curvature. And just as the light hit our eyes, a diamond emerged from the top of the sun, it´s gleam refracting in the clouds and raining down in a brilliant shimmer.

As the shadows lifted from the Earth, a flock of pelicans rose from the riverbanks in arrow formation and coasted in a wide circle before disappearing from sight. From the far side of the river, an owl whistled a few confused notes. People began stringing words together in arrangements more closely resembling sentences.

In about 63 seconds, we had witnessed all the phenomena we had spent months educating others about. But we’d also come to understand the incomparable awe which keeps otherwise sane people travelling the world in search of the next eclipse.

Even after a champagne celebration, our Principal Investigator Dr. Winter woke up at 4 am like a kid on Christmas, and checked the downloads of the Eclipse Soundscapes app. At 57,477 downloads, we had smashed our target. And as we basked in the afterglow of totality, the emails rolled in.

“I cannot tell you how thrilled I was to have been able to share in this experience,” one user wrote. “Being visually challenged, this app was beyond my imagination.”

“Like everyone else there, I was counting down to totality, and when it happened, everyone, myself included, was blown away,” wrote another.

“The caring, intelligence, and creativity that went into this innovation are immensely impressive, and the sheer joy and excitement it gave me are beyond words,” read another email. “Thank you, thank you for making this possible.”

These emails fill us with more joy than our fans will ever know, and all we can say is no, thank you.

When we asked people to listen to the soundscapes of the eclipse with our app and with their own ears and audio equipment, we were encouraging a form of mindfulness. There is a meditative quality that comes with active listening and experiencing the world through sound. The ego quiets, the senses heighten, the present moment shines through, and all that is left…

is gratitude.

by Kelsey Perrett

Three Reasons to Care about the Eclipse Soundscapes Project

Now that you’ve read all about the Soundscapes Project, you may be asking yourself: how does this apply to me? And that’s great! We love people who ask questions! The thing is, you don’t have to an astrophysicist, a diehard eclipse chaser, or a person with a visual disability to enjoy Eclipse Soundscapes. In fact, we think the more people our project reaches, the stronger it is. Here are three reasons you might want to pay attention to what we’re doing:

YOU CARE ABOUT INCLUSIVITY

One of the main objectives of the Eclipse Soundscapes Project is to bring this exciting astronomical event to the blind and visually impaired community. We want everyone to get as excited about astrophysics as we do, but the tools to make science accessible have not always existed. That’s why we’ve created an app with illustrative audio descriptions, which will be delivered in real time as the eclipse progresses, and an interactive “rumble map” which will allow users to explore the physical qualities of an eclipse through touch and sound. These tools are not only valuable to individuals who are blind and visually impaired, but to people of all different learning and communication styles. By providing these oft-excluded groups with the right tools to learn about astrophysics, we aim to strengthen science by reaching a larger, more diverse population.

YOU CARE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT

There is no better time than now to get people interested in preserving our fascinating planet, and the more we know about our ecosystems, the better we can protect them. Eclipse Soundscapes is working with partners such as the National Park Service to collect high quality audio recordings in wildlife areas across the country. With these recordings, we hope to learn more about how and why animal behaviors change with the variations in light and temperature caused by a solar eclipse. After the eclipse, Eclipse Soundscapes will host these recordings alongside the recordings of citizen scientists to provide an open source database of sounds for researchers and educators to study.

YOU CARE ABOUT TECHNOLOGY

Are you an audio engineer? An app developer? A self-proclaimed video game nerd? When we set out to create our app, there were a lot of hurdles. But instead of setting the bar lower, our team innovated to create an app with some pretty exciting advancements in accessibility technology. We’re especially proud of our Rumble Map, which uses a technology called “FM Synthesis” to mimic a haptic response in a smartphone. The Rumble Map reads a grayscale value under the user’s finger, scales it from 0-1, and then adjusts the volume of a low frequency tone to produce vibrations in a phone’s speakers with a strength relative to the brightness of that section. The tool, created in collaboration between our audio engineer Miles Gordon and iOS developer Arlindo Goncalves, is based on the haptic response usually experienced in gaming and virtual reality platforms. Accessibility reviewers who tested the app say they’ve “never seen anything like it.” It’s a technology worthy of a patent, but that would go against our belief that science is for everybody. In fact, our entire project will be free and open source so other tech geeks can improve upon our innovations.

Of course, there are many other reasons to care about Eclipse Soundscapes. What’s yours? Tweet us at @EclipseSoundUDL to tell us why YOU are excited.

by Kelsey Perrett

Eclipse Excitement Evident at Arrows to Aerospace Event

On Saturday, August 19, NASA scientists took a break from reaching into the depths of space and instead reached out to the citizens of suburban Nebraska to promote eclipse knowledge and safety at the Arrows to Aerospace Parade.

This year’s annual parade in Bellevue, Nebraska, just south of Omaha, was organized by the Bellevue-Offutt Kiwanis to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Nebraska’s statehood. However, when Bellevue Public Schools teacher Santha Walters learned the parade would coincide with the week of the August 21 “Great American Eclipse,” she enlisted NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center scientist Dr. Jack Ireland and Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory scientist Dr. Henry “Trae” Winter to participate in the event.

“I realized the eclipse would be in the middle of the afternoon on a school day,” Ms. Walters said. “I thought, if we’re going to have all these kids, we’re going to use this as a learning opportunity.”

Ms. Walters pitched the idea to her superintendent as a weeklong string of activities to include the entire community. “Every child with resources is going to travel to totality on Monday,” she said. “Not everybody can take the day off work to experience the eclipse with their child. So I wanted to create something for those kids, to bring the eclipse to them and make them feel as if they are part of this community. This is something people are going to remember for the rest of their lives.”

Dr. Ireland and Dr. Winter spent the week in Bellevue, speaking to the general public on eclipse mechanics and safety and to seventh and eighth grade students about the importance of a STEAM education. “You could just see in their faces they thought ‘this is really cool, we have a real-life scientist here,’” Ms. Walters said.

Saturday’s parade was the final event of “Eclipse Event Bellevue 2017” before the grand finale of the eclipse, and thousands of Nebraskans and visitors poured out onto Lincoln Road to watch. While organizations of all stripes participated in the march, an underlying space and aeronautics theme had clearly established itself, from Star Wars costumes to eclipse t-shirts.

“We’re all so excited to have the eclipse right in our own backyard,” said Bellevue Mayor Rita Sanders, who plans to watch the eclipse from a leadership center in Aurora, Nebraska.

The parade culminated in Washington Park, where Dr. Ireland and Dr. Winter disembarked from their NASA-themed silver convertible to join their team at an eclipse information booth. The team came equipped with informational flyers, NASA stickers, demonstrations of the popular Eclipse Soundscapes app, and of course, free eclipse glasses.

The NASA approved eclipse glasses were a hot commodity. Popular vendors such as Amazon had run out of reputable viewing glasses in the weeks before the eclipse, and many booth visitors reported being unable to find them for a reasonable price. Luckily, the group from NASA and the Smithsonian had come prepared with over 5,000 pair, which they gave away to an eager line of parade-goers stretching back nearly a block.

Though the booth’s guests were excited to score free glasses, many were equally thrilled to meet two real-life astrophysicists. “I was amazed at how many people were at the parade and how many waited in line to talk to Jack and me about the eclipse,” Dr. Winter said. “We got really well thought out and specific questions and I loved talking to everyone who came by our booth.”

“It’s cool because they are obviously really smart and know a lot,” said one Bellevue High School student, who walked alongside the Dr. Ireland and Dr. Winter in the parade. “But they are also regular people, and easy to talk to.”

Another enthusiastic visitor was a nine year old girl from Bellevue, who hopes to become an astronaut on Mars one day. She is excited to experience her first total solar eclipse.

“I’ve only only seen one before, and it was amazing,” Dr. Ireland told her. “It’s the most spectacular thing I’ve seen in the skies by far.”

Armed with her eclipse glasses and a beaming smile, she titled her head towards the sky and prepared to be amazed.

…

by Kelsey Perrett

Will Wildlife Sound Off during Eclipse 2017?

Birds suddenly stop singing, insects return to their nests, and creatures of the night sound off in the middle of the day. It’s easy to see why solar eclipses once elicited premonitions of doom. But scientists believe there is more than superstition to these changes in animal behavior, and with the August 21, 2017 eclipse, researchers hope to study exactly how and why they occur. That’s why Eclipse Soundscapes has partnered with the National Park Service, Brigham Young University, Idaho, and citizen scientists across the country to record audio data as the eclipse progresses.

Using high-quality recording equipment, including binaural microphone arrays which simulate human hearing, Eclipse Soundscapes will capture audio in a variety of biologically diverse environments, including 15 national parks in the path of totality and two more that will experience a partial eclipse. Audio samples will be taken the day before, the day after, and the day of the eclipse in order to understand how soundscapes fluctuate as the moon blocks out the sun’s light and heat.

“It is clear that animals do respond to the eclipse,” Dr. Kurt Fristrup of the National Park Service said in a press release. “The question is going to be: how much of that response is detectable acoustically? We could see dramatic changes. Past research has studied individual sites during an eclipse, and minor papers have been published, but no one has looked at this phenomenon on a continental scale.”

It is difficult to know exactly what to expect, since most reports of animal sound during an eclipse are purely anecdotal. The last scientific study on the topic was completed by the Eclipse Behavior Committee of the Boston Society for Natural History 85 years ago, surrounding the August 1932 eclipse in Maine, New Hampshire, and Northeastern Massachusetts. In the study, the committee asked citizen scientists to report observations on animal behavior in their location.

The response was overwhelming. Observers reported that birds stopped singing, ants busily carrying cargo stopped and remained motionless, bees returned to their hives, and fish surfaced, while crickets and frogs erupted in a chorus. When the sun re-emerged, birds began a dawn chorus.

In general, it appeared that with the darkening of the sun, diurnal animals settled into their dusk routines, while nocturnal animals stirred to action.

Of course, it is impossible to make generalizations about an entire species based on the actions of individuals in an isolated area, but some of the species — such as the crickets and frogs, responded to the eclipse in unison, producing a much more measurable response. It is possible that these creatures respond more to an eclipse because their behaviors are dictated by light, as opposed to the circadian rhythms which produce sleep/wake cycles in creatures like humans.

That’s not to say “higher” mammals are unaffected by an eclipse. A report of a 1984 solar eclipse by the American Journal of Primatology reported that chimps at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center congregated on their climbing structure and oriented themselves in the direction of the eclipse. One juvenile chimp reportedly stood upright and gestured in the direction of the eclipse.

Humans respond to eclipses with comparable excitement (just do a quick social media search for #Eclipse2017 to see how much buzz the August 21 eclipse has generated). For this reason, Eclipse Soundscapes is not limiting audio recording to wildlife areas. Urban areas, where human reactions to the eclipse can be studied, are of particular interest to sociologists and anthropologists. In that regard, the eclipse is a perfect chance for humans to study ourselves, and where we fit into our ecosystem and the greater universe.

All recordings from partners and citizens scientists will be collected and hosted in a database on EclipseSoundscapes.org. This database will be free and open source so that researchers, educators, artists, anyone else who is interested can access and listen to these soundscapes.

by Kelsey Perrett

Hear the 2017 Eclipse

The concepts of light and shadow are crucial to how most of us understand a solar eclipse. But what if you had never seen the light of the sun before? What if an accident or a genetic condition impeded your ability to perceive the shadows of nightfall? For 1.3 million Americans who are blind, and many more who are visually impaired, experiencing the wonder of a total solar eclipse may seem like a pipedream. The Eclipse Soundscapes Project wants to change that.

The Eclipse Soundscapes Project, sponsored by NASA’s Heliophysics Education Consortium, will allow both sighted and non-sighted users to experience the “Great American Eclipse” of August 21, 2017 through sound — by recording changes in natural and urban soundscapes during the eclipse, and through illustrative audio descriptions (provided by WGBH’s National Center for Accessible Media, or NCAM) so that people who are blind and visually impaired can enjoy a narration of the eclipse in real time. The Eclipse Soundscapes app also includes an interactive “rumble map,” so users can explore the physical properties of an eclipse through vibrational feedback in their smartphones.

“The archetypal image of an astronomer is somebody with their eye to a telescope looking out to the stars — that automatically leaves out the segment of the population who are blind and visually impaired,” said Dr. Henry “Trae” Winter, the project’s founder and principal investigator. “But science works for everyone, no matter who you are. Giving people who have been traditionally excluded from the astronomy and astrophysics enterprise a tool to explore science on their own terms is giving them an experience which means a lot to me.”

Audio is an ideal way for blind and visually impaired users to experience an eclipse, not only because there is some anecdotal evidence of soundscapes changing during a total eclipse, but because blind and visually impaired individuals naturally develop instincts to navigate the world with auditory information.

“The audio takes a visual concept and brings it into one of the ways that we experience the world without sight,” said Dr. Wanda Diaz Merced, a blind astrophysicist consulting on the project. “Audio is the fastest and most straightforward way to provide an experience that we hope will awe people.”

Exploring the eclipse with the Eclipse Soundscape app may even give visually impaired individuals a leg up on their sighted peers when it comes to eclipse knowledge. NCAM developed the audio descriptions of the eclipse with methods usually designated for educational materials such as textbooks. The details of the description are “dictated by the context of the image, not necessarily its complexity or visual interest,” said Bryan Gould, director of Accessible Learning and Assessment Technologies at NCAM. “Since the Eclipse Soundscapes project has specific educational goals for each phase of the eclipse, this image description includes scientific and technical terms and their definitions.”

With this additional information, those listening may contribute something new to a discussion of the eclipse with their sighted peers. The “rumble map” also allows for a detailed up-close exploration of the sun and moon, where a user may find elements that a person viewing the eclipse wouldn’t notice.

The goal is to have a multitude of tools, so visually impaired individuals can interact with the eclipse independently and on their own terms. “Disabled people are as different from one another as abled people are,” Dr. Diaz-Merced said. “Actually, we are more different from one another. I need to be able to bring my own strategies to anything I do. Not coping strategies, but my own strategies.”

While Eclipse Soundscapes is primarily focused on the blind and visually impaired community, the audio and tactile tools used in the project could benefit anyone who learns or communicates through non-visual measures. After the August 21 eclipse, the Eclipse Soundscapes team plans to expand the prototype into an interactive and immersive multi-sensory museum exhibit. The multi-sensory information adds to the experience for visual people, Dr. Winter said, “but allows for different ways to engage people who are visually impaired, or deaf, or neuroatypical.” However you collect information about the world around you, the hope is that you thoroughly enjoy the experience of learning something new.

by Kelsey Perrett

Our Origin Story

The Egyptian death mask was inconceivably ornate, so intricate that one could study it for hours and still find new details. But because the mask was under glass, a blind person could not touch it, could not run her fingers across the beads and engravings and smooth crevasses of the face. She could only raise her fingers to the braille plaque and read: Egyptian death mask.

That troubled astrophysicist Dr. Henry “Trae” Winter. But what troubled him more was the realization that his own recently installed exhibit — a visually striking solar wall — was even less accessible. He began brainstorming how he could share his love of science with the blind and visually impaired community, and joined the “Tactile Sun” project, which creates tangible images of the sun using 3D printers.

Some months later, he visited his congenitally blind friend Chancey Fleet at work at the New York Public Library’s Andrew Heiskell Talking Book and Braille Library, and gifted her a braille book about the August 21, 2017 “Great American Eclipse.” Winter was surprised when Fleet finished the book and admitted she still didn’t entirely understand an eclipse. As someone who had never seen light, or shadows, or even a map of the United States, she was missing the visual concepts most of us unthinkingly use to understand such events.

So Winter shifted gears, and told an anecdote of the “false dawn chorus,” an eclipse phenomenon in which light-sensitive creatures such as crickets become confused when the moon blocks out the sun. When sunlight re-emerges, the creatures believe it to be dawn, and initiate their morning chirping. Fleet not only understood, but got excited, and Winter realized that soundscapes were the key to unlocking the eclipse for the blind and visually impaired community.

Winter got started immediately on the Eclipse Soundscapes Project. “Not only would it be a way to engage the visually impaired community in a way that’s accessible, a way they can relate to along with their sighted peers, but there might also be some science as well,” Winter said.

The Eclipse Soundscapes app, which will be released at the beginning of August, will include illustrated audio descriptions of the eclipse in real time, recordings of the changing environmental sounds during the eclipse, and an interactive “rumble map” app that will allow users to visualize the eclipse through touch. You can read more about it on our About the Project Page.

So why is Winter, a sighted person, so determined to bring astrophysics to the visually impaired community? “Science only works if it’s for everybody,” he said. “I really hope we build tools that inspire and make possible the tools of the future. There’s a saying: ‘I can only see further because I’m on the shoulders of giants.’ Scientists know that their work is made possible by those who came before, and will be advanced by those who come after. We’re all part of chain. But I hope to be a useful link in building the future.”

by Kelsey Perrett